{"success":true,"data":[{"kind":"tree","id":"acai_palm","name":"Açaí Palm","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/acai_palm","names":"Açaí Palm","scientific":"Euterpe oleracea","places":[{"biome":["tropical_rainforest","swamp"]}],"notes":"A slender palm over 20 m tall, often with several stems from one base, up to about 12, growing in the swamps, river edges and seasonally flooded forest of the eastern Amazon, above all in the Brazilian state of Pará. Its small black-purple fruit is mostly seed, with a thin layer of pulp. The fruit is picked about six months of the year and not in the rainy season.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:acai_fruit"},{"ref":"ingredient:acai_palm_heart"}],"sources":["wikipedia:euterpe_oleracea","wikipedia:fr_euterpe_oleracea","utp:euterpe_oleracea"]},{"kind":"grass","id":"african_wild_rice","name":"Longstamen Rice","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/african_wild_rice","names":"Longstamen Rice","scientific":"Oryza longistaminata","places":[{"biome":["flooded_grassland","swamp","marsh","lake","river","pond"]}],"notes":"A perennial wild rice with creeping rhizomes, native to most of Africa south of the Sahara and Madagascar, growing in swamps, ponds, lake and river sides and flooded grasslands, it can blanket flooded meadows and grows in water up to 4 m deep, though usually less than 1 m. The grain is cooked and tastes good, but it falls from the ear at a touch, so people reap it unripe or shake the ripe heads over baskets; it is a famine food. The tall straw makes thatch.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:african_wild_rice_grain"},{"ref":"ingredient:african_wild_rice_straw"}],"sources":["wikipedia:oryza_longistaminata","wikipedia:fr_oryza_longistaminata","utp:oryza_longistaminata"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"aloe_vera","name":"Aloe Vera","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/aloe_vera","names":"Aloe Vera","scientific":"Aloe vera","places":[{"biome":["hot_desert","sandy_shore","rocky_shore"]}],"notes":"A stemless succulent up to a metre tall from the Hajar Mountains of Oman and the Emirates, now wild in North Africa, Sudan and the Atlantic islands, on desert ground and on coastal sands and rocks. The clear gel of its leaves soothes minor burns, scrapes and insect bites, a skin cure recorded since the fourth millennium BCE. The bitter yellow latex under the leaf skin is a strong laxative; taken by mouth, aloe can bring cramps, and hepatitis if kept up.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:aloe_vera_gel"}],"sources":["wikipedia:aloe_vera","wikipedia:fr_aloe_vera","utp:aloe_vera"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"alpine_bistort","name":"Alpine Bistort","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/alpine_bistort","names":"Alpine Bistort","scientific":"Bistorta vivipara","places":[{"biome":["alpine_meadow","tundra"]}],"notes":"A slender herb of 5 to 15 cm with a spike of white or pink flowers, the lower ones replaced by little starchy bulbils that drop and grow into new plants. It is common all over the Arctic and on the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Caucasus and Tibetan Plateau, in short damp grass. Rock ptarmigans and reindeer seek out the bulbils, which Arctic peoples sometimes eat too; the Samoyedic peoples of Russia eat the root.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:alpine_bistort_bulbil"},{"ref":"ingredient:alpine_bistort_root"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:reindeer"}],"sources":["wikipedia:bistorta_vivipara","wikipedia:fr_renouee_vivipare"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"arctic_willow","name":"Arctic Willow","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/arctic_willow","names":"Arctic Willow","scientific":"Salix arctica","places":[{"biome":"tundra"},{"biome":"alpine_meadow","landform":"mountain"}],"notes":"A creeping willow rarely over 15 cm tall with round glossy leaves, the woody plant that reaches furthest north, on tundra and rocky moorland around the Arctic and on high mountains further south. Muskoxen and caribou browse its bark and twigs; Inuit and Gwich'in burnt the twigs, used the flowers as lamp wicks and treated wounds, toothache and diarrhoea with it.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:arctic_willow_leaf"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:muskox"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:reindeer"}],"sources":["wikipedia:salix_arctica","wikipedia_fr:saule_arctique","wcvp"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"bald_cypress","name":"Bald Cypress","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bald_cypress","names":"Bald Cypress","scientific":"Taxodium distichum","places":[{"biome":["swamp","river"]}],"notes":"A deciduous conifer of 10 to 40 m whose feathery needles turn copper-red and fall each autumn, its trunk ringed by woody knees rising from the roots. It once dominated the swamps and river bottoms of the southeastern United States and can live over 2,000 years. Its water-resistant wood was used for canoes, coffins and shingles.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bald_cypress_wood"}],"sources":["wikipedia:taxodium_distichum","wikipedia:fr_taxodium_distichum","wcvp"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"baobab","name":"African Baobab","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/baobab","names":"African Baobab","scientific":"Adansonia digitata","places":[{"biome":"savanna"}],"notes":"A savanna tree five to twenty-five metres tall with an enormous trunk up to fourteen metres across, bare of leaves for about eight months a year. It grows across the dry, hot savannas of mainland Africa and can store over a hundred thousand litres of water in its trunk. People eat the powdery fruit pulp and the young leaves, press the seeds for oil and twist the bark fibre into rope and cloth.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:baobab_fruit"},{"ref":"ingredient:baobab_leaf"},{"ref":"ingredient:baobab_bark"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:african_bush_elephant"}],"sources":["wikipedia:adansonia_digitata","wikipedia_fr:adansonia_digitata","wcvp"]},{"kind":"grass","id":"big_bluestem","name":"Big Bluestem","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/big_bluestem","names":"Big Bluestem","scientific":"Andropogon gerardii","places":[{"biome":"grassland"}],"notes":"The tall grass of the North American prairie: a perennial bunchgrass one to three metres high whose stems turn blue or purple when ripe and whose seed heads look like a turkey's foot. Its roots run two to three metres deep, it forms dense stands on the Great Plains and in central and eastern North America, and it comes back after prairie fires. Horses and cattle graze it and it is cut for hay.","yields":[],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:horse"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:cattle"}],"sources":["wikipedia:andropogon_gerardii","wikipedia:fr_andropogon_gerardii"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"big_leaf_mahogany","name":"Big-leaf Mahogany","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/big_leaf_mahogany","names":"Big-leaf Mahogany","scientific":"Swietenia macrophylla","places":[{"biome":"tropical_rainforest"}],"notes":"A tree of 30 to 40 m, sometimes 60 m, of the humid forests from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, often on rich riverbank soils. Its woody capsules, up to 40 cm long, open from the base to release dozens of winged seeds. Prized for its timber, it is now listed as vulnerable and its trade is controlled under CITES.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:mahogany_wood"},{"ref":"ingredient:mahogany_bark"}],"sources":["wikipedia:swietenia_macrophylla","wikipedia:fr_swietenia_macrophylla","utp:swietenia_macrophylla"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"big_sagebrush","name":"Big Sagebrush","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/big_sagebrush","names":"Big Sagebrush","scientific":"Artemisia tridentata","places":[{"biome":["cold_desert","grassland"]}],"notes":"A silvery grey shrub of 0.5 to 3 m with three-toothed leaves and a sharp smell after rain, covering the cold deserts and steppes of the Great Basin and the American West. It can live over a century. Its bitter oils keep most browsers away, but sage grouse, pronghorn and mule deer live off it; Native peoples burnt it for smudging, used it as medicine, and the Cahuilla ground its seeds into flour.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:big_sagebrush_seed"},{"ref":"ingredient:big_sagebrush_leaf"}],"sources":["wikipedia:artemisia_tridentata","wikipedia:fr_artemisia_tridentata"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"bilberry","name":"Bilberry","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bilberry","names":"Bilberry","scientific":"Vaccinium myrtillus","places":[{"biome":["taiga","temperate_conifer_forest","bog"]}],"notes":"A low deciduous shrub of 10 to 50 cm with blue-black berries ripening from July to September, found across the northern lands on acid soils of heaths, boggy barrens and open pine and spruce forests. The berries are eaten fresh or in pies, jams and syrups, and in Britain they once dyed food and cloth.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bilberry_berry"}],"sources":["wikipedia:vaccinium_myrtillus","wikipedia_fr:myrtille","wikipedia:taiga","wcvp"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"black_alder","name":"Black Alder","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/black_alder","names":"Black Alder","scientific":"Alnus glutinosa","places":[{"biome":["river","stream","swamp","temperate_forest"]}],"notes":"A tree of 20 to 30 m along riverbanks, in swamps and wet woods of Europe, southwest Asia and North Africa; it bears standing water better than other alders. Bacteria in its roots fix nitrogen, so it grows on poor soil and enriches it, and its roots hold riverbanks. Birds feed on its seeds in winter.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:alder_wood"},{"ref":"ingredient:alder_bark"}],"sources":["wikipedia:alnus_glutinosa","wikipedia:fr_aulne_glutineux"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"black_elder","name":"Black Elder","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/black_elder","names":"Black Elder","scientific":"Sambucus nigra","places":[{"biome":["temperate_forest","grassland","river"]}],"notes":"A fast-growing deciduous shrub or small tree of Europe, western Asia and North Africa with pinnate leaves, flat sprays of scented ivory flowers in early summer and drooping clusters of black berries in autumn. It favours open, nutrient-rich ground: woodland edges, hedgerows, scrub and riverbanks. The flowers make cordials and the cooked berries jam, soup and wine, while the raw berries, leaves and bark are poisonous.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:elder_flower"},{"ref":"ingredient:black_elder_berry"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:sheep"}],"sources":["wikipedia:sambucus_nigra","wikipedia-fr:sambucus_nigra","wcvp"]},{"kind":"vine","id":"black_pepper","name":"Black Pepper","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/black_pepper","names":"Black Pepper","scientific":"Piper nigrum","places":[{"biome":"tropical_rainforest"}],"notes":"A woody climber that scrambles up to 4 m on trees and roots wherever its stems touch the ground, native to the Malabar Coast and the Western Ghats of India. It wants moist, rich soil and grows best in the lowlands, below 900 m. Its peppercorns were \"black gold\": they flavoured the costliest Roman cooking, and Alaric made 3,000 pounds of pepper part of the ransom he demanded from Rome.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:black_pepper_fruit"}],"sources":["wikipedia:black_pepper","wikipedia:fr_poivrier_noir","utp:piper_nigrum"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"blackthorn","name":"Blackthorn","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/blackthorn","names":"Blackthorn","scientific":"Prunus spinosa","places":[{"biome":["temperate_forest","grassland"]}],"notes":"A dense, spiny shrub or small tree up to 5 or 6 m, with blackish bark, native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its white flowers open in early spring before the leaves, and it quickly takes over fallow land and abandoned pasture; its long thorns have long made it a cattle-proof hedge. A prick is painful, and the thorn breaks off under the skin and can fester.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:blackthorn_fruit"},{"ref":"ingredient:blackthorn_wood"}],"sources":["wikipedia:prunus_spinosa","wikipedia:fr_prunellier"]},{"kind":"seaweed","id":"bladderwrack","name":"Bladderwrack","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bladderwrack","names":"Bladderwrack","scientific":"Fucus vesiculosus","places":[{"biome":"rocky_shore"}],"notes":"A brown seaweed up to 150 cm long, buoyed by paired air bladders along its midrib, common on sheltered rocky shores from mid-tide down, around the North Sea, the western Baltic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. It was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1811, and was long used to treat goitre. It can be cooked and eaten, it was fed to livestock and its mucilage was used as medicine; limpets bite pieces out of it, and its chemical defences deter the common periwinkle.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bladderwrack_frond"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:common_limpet"}],"sources":["wikipedia:fucus_vesiculosus","wikipedia:fr_fucus_vesiculosus","wikipedia:fr_patella_vulgata"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"bog_myrtle","name":"Bog myrtle","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bog_myrtle","names":"Bog myrtle","scientific":"Myrica gale","places":[{"biome":["bog","marsh"]}],"notes":"An aromatic shrub up to 2 m tall with grey-green leaves, forming dense thickets in the peat bogs and marshes of northern Europe and North America. From the Middle Ages to the 16th century it went into gruit, the herb mix that flavoured beer before hops. Its sweet resinous leaves keep midges and mosquitoes away, its roots and bark dye wool and calfskin, and its waxy fruits were once made into candles. Not for pregnant women: it is listed as an abortifacient.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bog_myrtle_leaf"},{"ref":"ingredient:bog_myrtle_bark"}],"sources":["wikipedia:myrica_gale","wikipedia:fr_myrica_gale"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"bogbean","name":"Bogbean","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bogbean","names":"Bogbean","scientific":"Menyanthes trifoliata","places":[{"biome":["bog","marsh","pond"]}],"notes":"A water-loving herb with three-part leaves and fringed white star flowers, its thick creeping rootstock building treacherous quaking mats in the fens, bogs and shallow waters of Europe, Asia and North America. Swedish peasants put its very bitter leaves in their beer instead of hops, and the bitterness also goes into schnapps. In a famine the rootstock can be ground into a poor flour.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bogbean_leaf"},{"ref":"ingredient:bogbean_rhizome"}],"sources":["wikipedia:menyanthes","wikipedia:fr_menyanthes_trifoliata"]},{"kind":"grass","id":"bourgou","name":"Bourgou","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bourgou","names":"Bourgou","scientific":"Echinochloa stagnina","places":[{"biome":["flooded_grassland","marsh","swamp","lake","river"]}],"notes":"A floating water grass of tropical Africa and Asia whose spongy stems trail up to 2 m and form nearly pure mats in swamps and standing water. The Fulani once grew it widely in the Inner Niger Delta: they ate the seeds and brewed drinks from it, and the sweet stems are chewed for their juice or boiled down to brown sugar. It still gives hay for animals and holds flood banks against erosion.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bourgou_stem"},{"ref":"ingredient:bourgou_seed"}],"sources":["wikipedia:echinochloa_stagnina","wikipedia:fr_echinochloa_stagnina","utp:echinochloa_stagnina"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"bramble","name":"Bramble","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bramble","names":"Bramble","scientific":"Rubus fruticosus agg.","places":[{"biome":["temperate_forest","grassland"]}],"notes":"A thorny, sprawling shrub, in truth a swarm of hundreds of closely related blackberry species, common throughout Europe in hedges, wood edges, clearfellings and neglected fields. Its prickly canes root wherever their tips touch the ground, making thickets that shelter wild boar and foxes and shield young trees from browsing until the wood grows back. Red deer and roe deer feed on the leaves, and foxes, badgers and birds on the berries.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bramble_fruit"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:red_deer"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:roe_deer"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:red_fox"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:european_badger"}],"sources":["wikipedia:blackberry","wikipedia:rubus_fruticosus","wikipedia:fr_ronce_commune"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"brazil_nut","name":"Brazil Nut","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/brazil_nut","names":"Brazil Nut","scientific":"Bertholletia excelsa","places":[{"biome":"tropical_rainforest"}],"notes":"One of the tallest and longest-lived trees of the Amazon, up to 50 m, its straight trunk bare of branches until the crown rises above the canopy. It bears fruit almost only in undisturbed forest, where large bees pollinate it and agoutis gnaw open the heavy pods and bury the seeds. The nuts are still gathered wild along the Amazon, Rio Negro and Orinoco.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:brazil_nut_seed"},{"ref":"ingredient:brazil_nut_fruit"},{"ref":"ingredient:brazil_nut_wood"}],"sources":["wikipedia:brazil_nut","wikipedia:fr_noyer_du_bresil","utp:bertholletia_excelsa","wcvp"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"broadleaf_arrowhead","name":"Broadleaf Arrowhead","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/broadleaf_arrowhead","names":"Broadleaf Arrowhead","scientific":"Sagittaria latifolia","places":[{"biome":["pond","swamp","lake","river"]}],"notes":"A wetland perennial of 60 to 120 cm with arrow-shaped leaves and white flowers in July to September, forming dense colonies in ponds, swamps and along lakes and rivers from southern Canada to South America. Its tubers, the wapato or duck-potato, were a major food of Native peoples. Beavers, porcupines and muskrats eat the whole plant, tubers included.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:wapato"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:muskrat"}],"sources":["wikipedia:sagittaria_latifolia","wikipedia:fr_sagittaria_latifolia"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"broadleaf_cattail","name":"Broadleaf Cattail","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/broadleaf_cattail","names":"Broadleaf Cattail","scientific":"Typha latifolia","places":[{"biome":["marsh","pond","lake","river","stream"]}],"notes":"A wetland plant of 1.5 to 3 m with broad strap leaves and a brown sausage-shaped seed head, always in or beside shallow water. It grows across Eurasia and North America and more locally in Africa and South America, from sea level to 2,300 m. Nearly every part is edible, and its leaves thatch roofs and seat chairs.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:broadleaf_cattail_root"},{"ref":"ingredient:broadleaf_cattail_leaf"},{"ref":"ingredient:broadleaf_cattail_pollen"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:horse"}],"sources":["wikipedia:typha_latifolia","wikipedia:fr_typha_latifolia","utp:typha_latifolia","wcvp"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"brooklime","name":"Brooklime","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/brooklime","names":"Brooklime","scientific":"Veronica beccabunga","places":[{"biome":["stream","pond","marsh"]}],"notes":"A fleshy, low perennial with smooth, often reddish stems, paired blunt leaves and small bright blue flowers (May to September), growing at the edge of brooks, ditches, ponds and marshes across Europe, North Africa and western Asia, up to 2,500 m. Leaves and stems are eaten raw in salad or cooked, and it was taken against scurvy with watercress. It can carry the liver fluke: do not eat it raw near pastures.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:brooklime_leaves"}],"sources":["wikipedia:veronica_beccabunga","wikipedia:fr_veronica_beccabunga"]},{"kind":"seaweed","id":"bull_kelp","name":"Bull Kelp","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/bull_kelp","names":"Bull Kelp","scientific":"Nereocystis luetkeana","places":[{"biome":"kelp_forest"}],"notes":"A kelp of the North American Pacific coast, from southern California to the Aleutians, up to 36 m long: one long stalk ending in a single gas-filled float that carries 30 to 64 blades up to 4 m long. It likes strong currents and half-sheltered spots, but not breaking waves. It is pickled and eaten as a delicacy, and the Aleuts used its long stalk as fishing line; coastal peoples also made fishing nets of it.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:bull_kelp_stipe"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:red_sea_urchin"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:red_abalone"}],"sources":["wikipedia:nereocystis","wikipedia:fr_nereocystis_luetkeana","wikipedia:kelp","adw:strongylocentrotus_franciscanus","wikipedia:red_abalone"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"buriti_palm","name":"Buriti Palm","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/buriti_palm","names":"Buriti Palm","scientific":"Mauritia flexuosa","places":[{"biome":["swamp","flooded_grassland","tropical_rainforest"]}],"notes":"A palm up to 35 m tall that grows in and near swamps and periodically flooded ground across tropical South America, from the Amazon to the Orinoco and Trinidad. Humboldt called it the 'tree of life': tapirs, peccaries, fish and monkeys depend on its scaly chestnut fruit. People eat the fruit fresh, as juice, jam or a fermented drink, take a sago starch from the trunk, drink the sap, eat the palm-weevil grubs in the trunk, and twist the leaf fibre into ropes, nets and hammocks.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:buriti_palm_fruit"},{"ref":"ingredient:buriti_palm_starch"},{"ref":"ingredient:buriti_palm_fibre"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:south_american_tapir"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:white_lipped_peccary"}],"sources":["wikipedia:mauritia_flexuosa","wikipedia:fr_mauritia_flexuosa","utp:mauritia_flexuosa"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"cacao","name":"Cacao","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/cacao","names":"Cacao","scientific":"Theobroma cacao","places":[{"biome":"tropical_rainforest"}],"notes":"A small evergreen tree of 6 to 12 m that grows in the shade of the humid forest understorey, from southern Mexico to the Amazon basin. Its flowers and pods sprout straight from the trunk and old branches. It was domesticated in the upper Amazon over 5,000 years ago for the pulp and beans that give chocolate.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:cacao_seed"},{"ref":"ingredient:cacao_fruit"}],"sources":["wikipedia:theobroma_cacao","wikipedia:fr_cacaoyer","utp:theobroma_cacao","wcvp"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"caper","name":"Caper","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/caper","names":"Caper","scientific":"Capparis spinosa","places":[{"biome":["mediterranean_scrub","hot_desert"]}],"notes":"A much-branched shrub with round fleshy leaves, hooked thorns and white or pink flowers with long violet stamens. It ranges from the Canaries and Morocco across the Mediterranean and Arabia to the Black Sea and the Caspian, in semi-arid and arid country from sea level up to 2,000 m. It bears fierce sun, heat and dry soil.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:caper_bud"}],"sources":["wikipedia:capparis_spinosa","wikipedia:fr_caprier"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"carob","name":"Carob","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/carob","names":"Carob","scientific":"Ceratonia siliqua","places":[{"biome":"mediterranean_scrub"}],"notes":"An evergreen tree of the pea family, up to about 15 m tall with a broad rounded crown, native to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It grows wild in warm Mediterranean woodland, often beside the mastic tree, and stands drought and poor soils. Its long pods take a full year to ripen, are a third to a half sugar, and feed people and livestock alike.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:carob_pod"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:cattle"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:european_rabbit"}],"sources":["wikipedia:ceratonia_siliqua","wikipedia:fr_caroubier"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"cashew","name":"Cashew","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/cashew","names":"Cashew","scientific":"Anacardium occidentale","places":[{"biome":["tropical_dry_forest","sandy_shore"]}],"notes":"An evergreen tree up to 14 metres from tropical South America, carried round the world by the Portuguese; it wants hot lowlands with a hard dry season and grows on stony thickets and sand dunes by the sea. Each nut hangs under a fleshy cashew apple. Beware the shell: its oil is caustic, kin to poison ivy, and blisters the hands, so nuts are roasted in the shell and cracked with gloves.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:cashew_nut"},{"ref":"ingredient:cashew_apple"}],"sources":["wikipedia:cashew","wikipedia:fr_anacardier","utp:anacardium_occidentale"]},{"kind":"fungus","id":"caterpillar_fungus","name":"Caterpillar Fungus","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/caterpillar_fungus","names":"Caterpillar Fungus","scientific":"Ophiocordyceps sinensis","places":[{"biome":"alpine_meadow","landform":"mountain"}],"notes":"A fungus that kills ghost moth caterpillars underground in the high meadows of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya, 3,000 to 5,000 m up, then pushes a thin brown stalk out of the dead larva in spring. Tibetans call it yartsa gunbu, \"summer grass, winter worm\". Prized in Tibetan and Chinese medicine, a pound of the best sold for US$50,000 in 2012, and in 2004 the spring hunt brought Tibetan households 40% of their cash income.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:caterpillar_fungus_whole"}],"sources":["wikipedia:ophiocordyceps_sinensis","wikipedia:fr_ophiocordyceps_sinensis"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"century_plant","name":"Century Plant","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/century_plant","names":"Century Plant","scientific":"Agave americana","places":[{"biome":["hot_desert","mediterranean_scrub"]}],"notes":"A big agave of sandy desert scrub in Texas and eastern Mexico, now naturalised round the Mediterranean, in Africa and far beyond, with grey-green spine-tipped leaves. Despite its name it lives ten to thirty years, flowers once on a stalk eight or nine metres tall, then dies, leaving shoots at its base. Cut before it flowers, its heart gives a sweet sap, aguamiel, that ferments into pulque, and its leaves give a strong fibre for rope, nets and cloth; the fresh sap can inflame sensitive skin.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:century_plant_sap"},{"ref":"ingredient:century_plant_fibre"}],"sources":["wikipedia:agave_americana","wikipedia:fr_agave_americana","utp:agave_americana"]},{"kind":"fungus","id":"chaga","name":"Chaga","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/chaga","names":"Chaga","scientific":"Inonotus obliquus","places":[{"biome":"taiga"}],"notes":"A fungus of the circumboreal forests that grows mostly on birch, where it bursts from the trunk as a black, cracked mass like burnt charcoal and slowly rots the heartwood. Russian and Siberian folk medicine brewed it as a tea, and northern peoples used it as tinder that holds an ember; it is very rich in oxalates.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:chaga_mycelium"}],"relations":[{"kind":"grows_on","ref":"plant:silver_birch"}],"sources":["wikipedia:chaga_mushroom","wikipedia_fr:inonotus_obliquus"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"chicory","name":"Chicory","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/chicory","names":"Chicory","scientific":"Cichorium intybus","places":[{"biome":"grassland"}],"notes":"A tough perennial up to one and a half metres tall with bright blue flowers, native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia and carried to the Americas. It grows on roadsides, waste ground, fallow fields and meadows, rarely in undisturbed wild land. The bitter leaves are a vegetable, the roasted root a coffee substitute, and ruminants digest it well as forage.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:chicory_leaf"},{"ref":"ingredient:chicory_root"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:cattle"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:sheep"}],"sources":["wikipedia:chicory","wikipedia:fr_chicoree_sauvage"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"cloudberry","name":"Cloudberry","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/cloudberry","names":"Cloudberry","scientific":"Rubus chamaemorus","places":[{"biome":["bog","marsh","tundra","taiga"]}],"notes":"A low herb of 10 to 25 cm with palmate leaves and white flowers, growing on acid bogs, wet meadows and tundra around the North Pole. Its amber berries, rich in vitamin C, kept scurvy away from Arctic peoples and are made into jams and liqueurs in the Nordic countries.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:cloudberry_berry"}],"sources":["wikipedia:rubus_chamaemorus","wikipedia_fr:plaquebiere","wikipedia:taiga","wcvp"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"coconut_palm","name":"Coconut Palm","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/coconut_palm","names":"Coconut Palm","scientific":"Cocos nucifera","places":[{"biome":"sandy_shore"},{"biome":"coral_reef","landform":"island"}],"notes":"A palm up to 30 m tall that grows wild on sandy, salty tropical shores and coral atolls; its floating nuts drift across the sea, and Austronesian voyagers carried it on their sea voyages. A tree gives up to 75 nuts a year, and fruits for some seventy years. Green nuts hold a drink, ripe ones white flesh, milk and oil; the husk gives coir for ropes and mats, the fronds thatch roofs, and its sap makes palm wine or sugar. Climbers who pick the nuts risk injury or death from falls.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:coconut"},{"ref":"ingredient:coconut_coir"},{"ref":"ingredient:coconut_palm_leaf"}],"sources":["wikipedia:coconut","wikipedia:fr_cocotier","utp:cocos_nucifera"]},{"kind":"vine","id":"colocynth","name":"Colocynth","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/colocynth","names":"Colocynth","scientific":"Citrullus colocynthis","places":[{"biome":"hot_desert"}],"notes":"A trailing desert vine of two to three metres on the sands and dunes of North Africa and the Sahara, through Arabia to Pakistan and India, with hard round fruits five to ten centimetres across, marbled yellow when ripe. The pulp is fiercely bitter and poisonous: a little was the old purgative, too much brings vomiting, diarrhoea and damage to the liver and kidneys. The seeds, thoroughly cooked, were eaten in the Sahara and Sahel, roasted or ground into meal, and their oil lights lamps and makes soap.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:colocynth_seed"},{"ref":"ingredient:colocynth_fruit"}],"sources":["wikipedia:citrullus_colocynthis","wikipedia:fr_coloquinte","utp:citrullus_colocynthis"]},{"kind":"grass","id":"common_bamboo","name":"Common Bamboo","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_bamboo","names":"Common Bamboo","scientific":"Bambusa vulgaris","places":[{"biome":"tropical_rainforest"}],"notes":"A large clumping bamboo with yellow or green culms 10 to 20 m tall, native to South and Southeast Asia and Yunnan and the most widely grown bamboo in the tropics. It grows on river banks and open ground in the lowlands and is dense in the Indomalayan rainforests. It flowers only every few decades and spreads almost wholly from cuttings and rhizomes.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_bamboo_stem"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_bamboo_shoot"}],"sources":["wikipedia:bambusa_vulgaris","wikipedia:fr_bambusa_vulgaris","utp:bambusa_vulgaris","wcvp"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"common_camas","name":"Common Camas","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_camas","names":"Common Camas","scientific":"Camassia quamash","places":[{"biome":["grassland","river","stream"]}],"notes":"A perennial of western North America, from British Columbia and Alberta to California and east to Montana and Wyoming, with grass-like leaves, a black-skinned bulb and star-shaped blue flowers in late spring. It fills moist meadows and prairies, rocky ground, open woods and the banks of streams and rivers. Its bulb was an important food of many native peoples of the West, but the white-flowered death camas grows in the same places and its bulb is hard to tell apart.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:camas_bulb"}],"sources":["wikipedia:camassia_quamash","wikipedia:fr_camassia_quamash"]},{"kind":"sedge","id":"common_cottongrass","name":"Common cottongrass","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_cottongrass","names":"Common cottongrass","scientific":"Eriophorum angustifolium","places":[{"biome":["bog","marsh","tundra"]}],"notes":"A sedge up to 1 m tall whose white cotton tufts, out from June to September, whiten the bogs, fens, wet moors and snowmelt hollows of the whole north, up to 83° N in Greenland. A dense stand can hide wet bog and marks ground to avoid. The down is too brittle to spin, but it made pillow stuffing in Sweden and England, paper and candle wicks in Germany, and the wicks of the kudlik, the Inuit oil lamp. Native peoples eat its seeds and stems.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_cottongrass_down"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_cottongrass_stem"}],"sources":["wikipedia:eriophorum_angustifolium","wikipedia:fr_eriophorum_angustifolium"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"common_dandelion","name":"Common Dandelion","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_dandelion","names":"Common Dandelion","scientific":"Taraxacum officinale","places":[{"biome":"grassland"}],"notes":"The yellow-flowered weed of lawns, roadsides, disturbed banks and the shores of waterways, whose flower heads turn into round seed clocks blown by the wind. Native to Eurasia, it now grows across the temperate world and tolerates crowding, extremes of temperature and drought. Every part is useful: greens for salad and soup, a roasted root for a coffee substitute, flowers for wine; honey bees feed on it as one of the first blooms of spring.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:dandelion_leaf"},{"ref":"ingredient:dandelion_root"},{"ref":"ingredient:dandelion_flower"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:western_honey_bee"}],"sources":["wikipedia:taraxacum_officinale","wikipedia:fr_taraxacum_officinale"]},{"kind":"tree","id":"common_fig","name":"Common Fig","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_fig","names":"Common Fig","scientific":"Ficus carica","places":[{"biome":"mediterranean_scrub"}],"notes":"A deciduous tree or large shrub, 7 to 10 m tall with smooth pale bark and big lobed leaves, native to the Mediterranean and western Asia. It grows wild on dry, sunny and rocky ground from the sea up to about 1,700 m. Its milky sap burns the skin in sunlight.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_fig_fruit"}],"sources":["wikipedia:ficus_carica","wikipedia:fr_figuier_commun"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"common_hazel","name":"Common Hazel","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_hazel","names":"Common Hazel","scientific":"Corylus avellana","places":[{"biome":["temperate_forest"]}],"notes":"A many-stemmed shrub or small tree of Europe and western Asia, three to eight metres tall, that grows in the understorey of mixed broadleaf woods and in hedgerows. Its yellow catkins open before the leaves, and its round nuts ripen in autumn. People ate the nuts and cut the coppice poles for wattle-and-daub walls, fencing and baskets.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_hazel_fruit"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_hazel_wood"}],"sources":["wikipedia:corylus_avellana","wikipedia-fr:corylus_avellana","euforgen:corylus_avellana","wcvp"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"common_heather","name":"Common Heather","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_heather","names":"Common Heather","scientific":"Calluna vulgaris","places":[{"biome":["bog","temperate_forest","temperate_conifer_forest"]}],"notes":"A low evergreen undershrub of Europe, under sixty centimetres, with tiny scale leaves and mauve flowers from July to September, the dominant plant of most European heath and moorland, also found on bogs and in acidic pine and oak woods. Grazing and light burning keep the moors in heather, and sheep and grouse feed on it. It dyed wool yellow, tanned leather, bound besoms, flavoured medieval ale before hops, and still gives a prized honey.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_heather_stem"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:sheep"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:willow_ptarmigan"}],"sources":["wikipedia:calluna","wikipedia-fr:calluna_vulgaris","wcvp"]},{"kind":"vine","id":"common_hop","name":"Common Hop","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_hop","names":"Common Hop","scientific":"Humulus lupulus","places":[{"biome":["temperate_forest","river"]}],"notes":"A climbing perennial of Europe, western Asia and North America whose rough twining stems reach 10 m each summer and die back to the rootstock in autumn. It grows in half-shade on wood edges, in clearings and hedges and on riverbanks, and its Latin name lupulus, 'little wolf', comes from the way it strangles the willows it climbs. Male and female flowers grow on separate plants, and about one person in thirty gets a rash from handling it.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_hop_cone"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_hop_shoot"}],"sources":["wikipedia:humulus_lupulus","wikipedia:fr_houblon"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"common_juniper","name":"Common Juniper","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_juniper","names":"Common Juniper","scientific":"Juniperus communis","places":[{"biome":["taiga","tundra","temperate_forest"]},{"landform":"mountain"}],"notes":"A shrub or small conifer of very variable shape, with needles in whorls of three and berry-like cones that take eighteen months to ripen to purple-black. It has the widest range of any woody plant, around the cool north of the world from the Arctic southwards, on heaths, mountains, tundra and in open forest. Its berries flavour gin, beer and meat, and its fragrant wood made dairy vessels in Scandinavia.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:treated_juniper_berry"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_juniper_wood"}],"sources":["wikipedia:juniperus_communis","wcvp"]},{"kind":"fungus","id":"common_morel","name":"Common Morel","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_morel","names":"Common Morel","scientific":"Morchella esculenta","places":[{"biome":["temperate_forest","temperate_conifer_forest"]}],"notes":"A yellow-brown, honeycombed spring mushroom on a hollow white stem, found in Europe (and reported from China) under hardwoods and conifers, in old orchards, on disturbed ground and on recent burns, often on limestone soils. It fruits only for a short spell in spring and is one of the most prized edible mushrooms. Beware Gyromitra esculenta, a poisonous lookalike.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_morel_cap"}],"sources":["wikipedia:morchella_esculenta","wikipedia:fr_morchella_esculenta"]},{"kind":"shrub","id":"common_myrtle","name":"Common Myrtle","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_myrtle","names":"Common Myrtle","scientific":"Myrtus communis","places":[{"biome":"mediterranean_scrub"}],"notes":"A bushy evergreen shrub up to 5 m tall with small fragrant leaves, native to southern Europe, North Africa and western Asia. Its white flowers open from June to October and give dark purple, sometimes white, berries. In Rome its white flowers stood for maidenly grace and myrtle crowns adorned young girls and the newly wed; in Corsica and Sardinia the berries make a liqueur.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_myrtle_berry"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_myrtle_leaf"}],"sources":["wikipedia:myrtus_communis","wikipedia:fr_myrte_commun"]},{"kind":"grass","id":"common_reed","name":"Common Reed","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_reed","names":"Common Reed","scientific":"Phragmites australis","places":[{"biome":["marsh","lake","pond","river","estuary","flooded_grassland"]}],"notes":"A tall wetland grass of 1.5 to 4 m, found worldwide, that forms vast reed beds in shallow fresh or brackish water, like the 1,700 km² of the Danube Delta. Its purple plumes turn grey and silky in autumn and the stems stand through the winter. It is the classic thatch of Europe.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:common_reed_stem"},{"ref":"ingredient:common_reed_root"}],"relations":[{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:goat"},{"kind":"food_of","ref":"animal:cattle"}],"sources":["wikipedia:phragmites_australis","wikipedia:fr_roseau_commun","utp:phragmites_australis","wcvp","wikipedia:sudd"]},{"kind":"herb","id":"common_sorrel","name":"Common Sorrel","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/biomes/","embed_url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/apps/embed/plant/common_sorrel","names":"Common Sorrel","scientific":"Rumex acetosa","places":[{"biome":["grassland","alpine_meadow"]}],"notes":"A perennial about sixty centimetres tall with arrow-shaped leaves in a rosette and spikes of reddish flowers in early summer. It grows in grassland across Europe, from the northern Mediterranean coast to the north of Scandinavia and into Central Asia, even on poor soil. The leaves are a sharp, lemony green for soups and sauces, best eaten in moderation.","yields":[{"ref":"ingredient:sorrel_leaf"}],"sources":["wikipedia:rumex_acetosa","wikipedia:fr_rumex_acetosa"]}],"meta":{"version":"v1","lang":"en","total":227,"limit":50,"offset":0,"license":{"name":"MGS Toolbox open data terms","url":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/api/v1/docs#terms","attribution":"Data © Michael Ghelfi Studios — https://michaelghelfistudios.com"}},"links":{"self":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/api/v1/plants","docs":"https://michaelghelfistudios.com/api/v1/docs"}}